How can secondary consolidation be measured in soil?

Secondary consolidation can be defined as a slow process of compaction that occurs after primary consolidation. It is often measured through the use of an oedometer test, which involves applying a constant load to a soil sample while measuring the resulting deformation over a period of time. The rate of compression is then recorded and used to calculate the coefficient of secondary consolidation. Other methods of measuring secondary consolidation include triaxial tests and shear wave velocity measurements, though oedometer tests remain the most common and practical means of evaluating this phenomenon in soil.

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