The Indus Valley civilization, also known as the Harappan civilization, was located primarily in what is now modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. This ancient civilization thrived along the Indus River and its tributaries, spanning an area that covered parts of present-day Punjab, Sindh, Gujarat, Haryana, and Rajasthan. It was one of the earliest urban civilizations in the world, with major cities such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro serving as important centers of trade, industry, and culture. The Indus Valley civilization existed from approximately 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE, leaving behind a rich archaeological legacy that provides insights into their sophisticated urban planning, advanced drainage systems, and intricate artwork.
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