How do noxious stimuli activate these channels?

Noxious stimuli activate ion channels by directly binding or modifying them through mechanisms such as phosphorylation or oxidation. Some ion channels are activated by changes in environmental pH or temperature, while others are activated by mechanical pressure or stretch. Additionally, some ion channels can be activated by inflammatory mediators such as histamine or prostaglandins, which are produced in response to tissue injury or infection. Activation of these ion channels ultimately leads to depolarization of the cell membrane and initiation of action potentials, which transmit noxious stimuli signals to the spinal cord and brain.

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