What were the characteristics of mature Harappan cities?

Mature Harappan cities, which flourished between 2600 and 1900 BCE in the Indus Valley, were known for their distinct characteristics. These cities showcased advanced urban planning and infrastructure. Enclosed by fortified walls, they were organized in a grid-like pattern, with perpendicular streets intersecting at right angles. The cities had well-designed and spacious residential areas, with multi-story houses made of baked bricks. Drainage systems were another significant feature, with each house having a private bathroom and a well-built drainage system. The cities also had public facilities such as public wells, granaries, and marketplaces. Additionally, the Harappan cities boasted an advanced system of crafts, trade, and agriculture, as evidenced by the existence of specialized workshops, the presence of standardized weights and measures, and the vast network of trade routes.

This mind map was published on 19 September 2023 and has been viewed 116 times.